Feasibility and design of a multi-mode fuel delivery system for aircraft engine test cells in the Philippines
Keywords:
Innovation management; Technology adoption; Diffusion of innovation; Sustainable aviation; TOE framework; Emerging economiesAbstract
This case study evaluatesinnovation management in aviation training by assessing a multimodal fuel-delivery system for aircraft reciprocating-engine test cells in the Philippines. The modular platform is designed to supportcarbureted, electronic fuel injection EFI), and direct injection (DI) configurations, addressing capability gaps in Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) and academic laboratories while advancing sustainability. A design-based strategy is developed to integratethree analytical lenses: TELOS (technical, economic, legal, operational, and schedule) for feasibility; Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) for adoption readiness; and Triple Bottom Line (TBL) for economic, environmental, and social value. Evidence is obtained from regulatory documents, international benchmarks, and semi-structured interviews with practitioners. Findings showthat the system is technically viable, cost-advantageousover multiple single-purpose rigs, and compliant with CAAP and ICAO requirements. The TOE analysis reveals strong regulatory drivers, although organizational capacity, funding, and upskilling remain uneven. The TBL findings confirmcost efficiencies, compatibility with Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF), and contributions to human capital development. A five-phase roadmap is proposed: alignment, pilot validation, institutional rollout, regional scaling, and national integration. Test-cell modernization is reframedas a technological and organizational innovation that enhances competitiveness and supports sustainability. Identified limitations motivateprototype development to quantify technical and economic performance.
References
Aeronautics Guide. (n.d.). Aircraft reciprocating engine fuel injection systems. Aeronautics Guide. https://aircraftsystemstech.com/p/fuel-injection-systems.html
Afilla, D., Saputra,E., Monalisa, S., & Ahsyar, T. K. (2024). Analisa studi kelayakan sistem informasi penjualanpada CV. Mitra Restu Jaya menggunakan metode TELOS. Jurnal Teknologi Sistem Informasi dan Aplikasi, 7(3), 1160-1172. https://doi.org/10.32493/jtsi.v7i3.41323
Bryan, J. D., & Zuva, T. (2021). A review of the TAM and TOE framework progression and how these models integrate. Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, 6(3), 137-145. https://doi.org/10.25046/AJ060316
Charytonowicz, J., & Falcão, C. L. M. (2019). Advances in Human Factors, Sustainable Urban Planning, and Infrastructure. In Advances in intelligent systems and computing, 778,Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94199-8
Chen, Z., Liao, B., Yu, Y., & Qin, T. (2022). Effect of equivalence ratio on spark ignition combustion of an air-assisted direct injection heavy-fuel two-stroke engine. Fuel, 313, Articles 122646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122646
Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines(CAAP). (2022). CAAP Manual of Standards (MOS 2022)[Philippine Civil Aviation Regulations]. https://tinyurl.com/mud455va
Dela Peña, A. (2025). Virtual reality in aircraft maintenance training: Transforming student engagement and competency development. Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 3(3),360-371. https://doi.org/10.69569/jip.2025.017
Dela Peña, A. C., Rutao, M. I., & Corpuz, R. P. (2024). Blockchain-enabled MRO: Enhancing transparency and efficiency in aircraft maintenance. International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering, 10(12), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.31695/ijasre.2024.12.1
Dubey, P. (2017, February 3). How to achieve triple bottom line sustainability benefits on airport runway projects. Informed Infrastructure. https://tinyurl.com/3hekunt3
Elkelawy, M., El Shenawy, E. A., Mohamed, S., Elarabi, M. M., & Bastawissi, H. (2022). Impacts of using EGR and different DI-fuels on RCCI engine emissions, performance, and combustion characteristics. SSRN Electronic Journal.https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4028730
Fahriza, B., Shuib, A., & Wan Mohamed, W. M. (2021). Issues and challenges of aviation maintenance, repair, and overhaul in Southeast Asia. In Proceedings of the1stAsia PacificInternational Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management(pp. 213–220).https://doi.org/10.46254/ap01.20210213
Ganguly, K. K. (2022). Understanding the challenges of the adoption of blockchain technology in the logistics sector: The TOE framework. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 36(3), 457-471. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2022.2036333
Glazer, N. (2023, December 2). Aircraft fuel system design: The breakdown.PilotMall.com. https://tinyurl.com/3jvdwmrx
Goh, C. S., Chong, H., Jack, L., & Faris, A. F. M. (2020). Revisiting triple bottom line within the context of sustainable construction: A systematic review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 252,Article 119884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119884
Gonzalo, J. O. (2024). Digital transformation in aviation education: A review of ICT tools and techniques. American Journal of Education and Technology, 3(3), 63-70.https://doi.org/10.54536/ajet.v3i3.2988
Goritiyal, C., Bairolu, A., & Goritiyal, L. (2021). Application of emerging technologies in the aviation MRO sector to optimize cost utilization:The Indian Case. Intelligent Sustainable Systems, 334, 161-176. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6369-7_15
Granić, A. (2022). Educational technology adoption: A systematic review. Education and Information Technologies, 27, 9725-9744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-10951-7
Gui, A., Fernando, Y.,Shaharudin, M. S., Mokhtar, M., Karmawan, I. G. M., & Suryanto, S. (2020). Cloud computing adoption using the TOE framework for Indonesia’s micro, small, and medium enterprises. JOIV: International Journal on Informatics Visualization, 4(4), 458–464.https://doi.org/10.30630/joiv.4.4.458
Gunawan, A., Tjahjono, F. N., Sebastian, D., & Restyandito, R. (2024). A comprehensive evaluation of the AR Budur application: A TELOS analysis. In 2024 2nd International Conference on Technology Innovation and Its Applications (ICTIIA)(pp. 1–5). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTIIA61827.2024.10761507
Gupta, I., Mishra, N., & Tandon, D. (2020). Triple bottom line: Evidence from the aviation sector. International Journal of Business Ethics and Governance, 3(1), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.51325/ijbeg.v3i1.32
Hoff, T., Becker, F. N., Dadashi, A., Wicke, K., & Wende, G. (2022). Implementation of fuel cells in aviation from a maintenance, repair, and overhaul perspective. Aerospace, 10(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10010023
Ilyas, S., Naveed, U., & Khalid, J. (2020). Improving fuel consumption using electronic fuel injection technology for low-powered motorbike engine. In 202017thInternational BhurbanConference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST)(pp. 236–243).IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IBCAST47879.2020.9044560
International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO). (2018). Annex 8 —Airworthiness of Aircraft(12th ed.). Montréal, QC: ICAO. https://tinyurl.com/ytu4v845
Kabashkin, I. (2025). Development of Digital Training Twins in the Aircraft Maintenance Ecosystem. Algorithms, 18(7), 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/a18070411
Karunakaran, C. (2021). Reliability augmentation through technological applications in Indian aircraft maintenance training sector. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 12(11), 1964-1970. https://doi.org/10.17762/TURCOMAT.V12I11.6151
Lestari, M., Haryani, E., & Wahyono, T. (2021). Analisis kelayakan sistem informasi akademik universitas menggunakan PIECES dan TELOS. Jurnal Teknik Informatika dan Sistem Informasi, 7(2), 373-380. https://doi.org/10.28932/jutisi.v7i2.3612
Li,J. C. F. (2020). Roles of individual perception in technology adoption at organization level: Behavioral model versus TOE framework. Journal of System and Management Sciences, 10(3), 97–118. https://doi.org/10.33168/jsms.2020.0308
Li, J., King, S., & Jennions, I. (2023). Intelligent fault diagnosis of an aircraft fuel system using machine learning—A literature review. Machines, 11(4), 481. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11040481
Market Research Future. (2025). Global aircraft engine test cells market overview[Market summary]. Market Research Future. https://tinyurl.com/3trah2ys
Martin, S. (2017, September 14). The pros and cons of carbureted vs. fuel injected engines. Boldmethod. https://tinyurl.com/mr3p7cuk
McLeod, S. (2021). Feasibility studies for novel and complex projects: Principles synthesised through an integrative review.Project Leadership and Society, 2, Article 100022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plas.2021.100022
Metso, L., & Thenent, N. E. (2020). Characteristics of Maintenance 4.0 and their reflection in aircraft engine MRO. In A. Ball,L. Gelman &B. Roa(Eds.), Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies: Vol. 166(pp. 453–460). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57745-2_42
Michael, J., & Elser, N. C. (2019). Personal waste management in higher education. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 20(2), 341–359. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-03-2018-0054
Miranda, J. P. P., Yambao, J. A., Marcelo, J. A. M., Gonzales, C. R., Mungcal, V. T.&Baluyut, R. J. (2020). Towards the development of 3D engine assembly simulation learning module for senior high school. International Journal of Computer Science Research, 5(1), 489-501. https://doi.org/10.25147/ijcsr.2017.001.1.54
Monroe Aerospace. (2024, March 21). Fuel-injected vs carbureted aircraft engines. Monroe Aerospace. https://tinyurl.com/4hmva4ve
Moore, T. (2021, November 30). Carbon deposits: What is carbon buildup, and how to prevent it.AXI International. https://tinyurl.com/ydr4329t
Nguyen, T. D. (2025). Analyze the control system of an aviation electric fuel pump. In 2025XXVIIIInternational Conference on Soft Computing and Measurements(SCM)(pp. 1–6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SCM66446.2025.11060246
Ningsi,N., & Nuzul, M. (2023). Feasibility analysis of e-government services using TELOS method. JURTEKSI(Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Informasi), 9(2), 189-198. https://doi.org/10.33330/jurteksi.v9i2.1616
Opoku, A., & Lee, J. (2022). The future of facilities management: Managing facilities for sustainable development. Sustainability, 14(3), 1705. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031705
Patel, S. (2025). Best practices of global aviation trainer: Gap analysis and practical recommendations. International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management, 9(6), 354. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem50354
Perdana, D. P., Wulan, P. I. D. C., & Fauzi, R. (2022). Feasibility study of web-based academic information systems at Bhakti Semesta Salatiga Polytechnic using the feasibility method of TELOS. Compiler, 11(2), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.28989/compiler.v11i2.1257
Plastropoulos, A., Fan, I., Avdelidis, N. P., Angus, J. P., Maggiore, J., &Atkinson, H. (2024). The 'hangar of the future' for sustainable aviation. The Aeronautical Journal, 128(1329), 2429–2450. https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2024.79
Polaris Market Research. (n.d.). Aircraft engine test cells market size expected to reach USD 4.24 billion by 2032. https://tinyurl.com/3ukchcmr
Reddy, K., Reddy, B. M., Reddy, K. C., Kartheek, P., & Adarsh, T. S. (2021). Comparative investigation of electronic fuel injection in two-wheeler applications: A review. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1116(1), Article 012073. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012073
Restyandito, R., Sebastian, D., & Nugraha, K. A. (2023). TELOS feasibility study to enhance the efficacy of DutaYuswa among the elderly.In 2023 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Cybernetics Technology & Applications (ICICyTA)(pp. 1–6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICICyTA60173.2023.10429025
Sabiteka, M., Yu, X., & Sun, C. (2025). Toward sustainable education: A contextualized model for educational technology adoption for developing countries. Sustainability, 17(8), Article 3592. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083592
SafranTest Cells’ DACS. (2019). Cyres®, the Data Acquisition and Control System for Test Cells. https://tinyurl.com/5d2f4d8x
Sandanayake, M., Bouras, Y., & Vrcelj, Z. (2022). Environmental sustainability in infrastructure construction—A review study on Australian higher education program offerings. Infrastructures, 7(9), 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7090109
Shmelova, T., Sikirda, Y., Yatsko, M., & Kolotusha, V. (2023). Intelligent integrated training system for the aviation specialists “Collaborative decision-making –Education” (CDM-E). In International Scientific Symposium “Intelligent Solutions” (IntSol-2023), Kyiv–Uzhhorod, Ukraine, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 3538, 168–180. https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3538/Paper_16.pdf
Sweeney, J., & Guise, M. (2023, November 28). Building engine test cells. Aerospace Manufacturing & Design. https://tinyurl.com/3vk3dkzz
Sweeney, J., & Thiel, M. (2022, August 4). When to upgrade engine test cells. Aerospace Manufacturing & Design. https://tinyurl.com/29xp2x7f
Tan, J. H., & Masood, T. (2022). Airport 4.0 –Technology adoption framework for airports (TAFA)[Preprint]. engrXiv. https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/vcjuh
Thom, M. (2025, May 16). Project feasibility study: Assessment, analysis, and report types. Galorath Incorporated. https://galorath.com/project/feasibility/
Tornatzky, L. G., & Fleischer, M. (1990). The processes of technological innovation. Lexington Books. https://archive.org/details/processesoftechn0000torn
Triandini, E., Ngurah, G., Wijaya, S., Setyohadi, D., Ketut, I., & Suniantara, P. (2022). Adoption technology at MSME: A conceptual model with TOE. In 2022SeventhInternational on Informatics and Computing(ICIC)(pp. 1–5). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIC56845.2022.10006990
Wood, A. (2022, May 18). A technical introduction to aircraft fuel systems. AeroToolbox. https://aerotoolbox.com/fuel-system/
Zhao, H. (2010). Overview of gasoline direct injection engines. Advanced direct injection combustion engine technologies and development: Gasoline direct injection engines(pp. 1–36). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845697327.1
