Multi-Level Design Space for the Aircraft Exposure Assessment on Environment by Concerting Vehicle-Airport-Fleet Operational Scenarios
Keywords:
Aircraft noise, Noise management, Reference aircraft, Reduction at source, Calculations, MeasurementsAbstract
A multi-discipline design optimization approach is used by aircraft manufacturers to provide the necessary aircraft performances at conceptual design stage. The concept of the reference aircraft is fundamental to show the achievements in baseline aircraft design, their efficiency to solve the environmental problems. Aircraft noise(AN), engine emission and fuel consumption reduction at source by new technology implementation in aircraft design is a strategic element of the environment protectionmanagementin aviation sector, their stepwise development provides closer distances of the protection zone’s boundaries between the runways/flight paths and residential areas in vicinity of the airport. In grounding the necessary noise reduction technology for baseline aircraft design its acoustic efficiency should be assessed for appropriate AN standard limits in accordance with ICAO certification procedures, for the single flight event at departure/arrival stages in airport, in overall airport traffic scenario and at least regionally/globally. All of them must show that AN exposure continues to be the not-growing and ICAO Balanced Approach is still feasible for effective AN exposure and impact management. For fuel burn and aircraft engine emission besides the certification requirements the net-zero CO2emission for the air traffic should be confirmed. The approach to coordinate the multi-factor exposure assessment at Vehicle-Airport-Fleet scenarios is presented and recommended for the usage in effective implementation of the reduction technologies in aircraft designs. The approach starts at new aircraft design stage, but it is fully connected with expected operational and maintenance performances influencing the exposure levels on environment
References
ACARE. (2011). Flightpath 2050: Europe’s Vision for Aviation. Publications Office of the European Union.https://www.arcs.aero/sites/default/files/downloads/Bericht_Flightpath_2050.pdf
ACARE. (2022). Fly the green deal. Europe’s Vision for Sustainable Aviation. https://www.acare4europe.org/news/fly-the-green-deal/
Airlines for America. (2024, October 21). Aircraft Noise Exposure in the U.S.https://www.airlines.org/dataset/aircraft-noise-exposure-u-s/
Asensio, C., Recuero, M., & Ruiz, M. (2012). Aircraft noise-monitoring according to ISO 20906. Evaluation of uncertainty derived from the classification and identification of aircraft noise events. Applied Acoustics, 73(3), 209-217.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2011.09.002
Berton, J., Huff, D., Geiselhart, K.,& Seidel, J. (2020). Supersonic technology concept aeroplanes for environmental studies(AIAA Paper 2020-0263). AIAA SciTech Forum. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2020-0263
Bertsch, L. (2013). Noise prediction within conceptual aircraft design(Technical Report DLR-FB-2013-20). DLR. https://doi.org/10.34912/n0is3-d3sign
Bertsch, L., Dobrzynski, W., & Guerin, S. (2010). Tool development for low-noise aircraft design. Journal of Aircraft, 47(2), 694–699. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.43188
Bertsch, L., Pott-Pollenske, M., Wienke, F., Kurz, J., & Delfs, J. (2025). Retrofit measures for aircraft noise reduction: Simulation benchmark and impact assessment. Journal of Aircraft, 62(1), 191–206. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C037819
Chyla, A.,Bukala, M.,Kazhan, K.,Makarenko, V.,Tokarev, V.&Zaporozhets, O. (2023). Highly Accurate and Confident Basic Aircraft Noise Assessment Scenario. In: Karakoc, T.H., Zaporozhets, O., Dalkiran, A., Ercan, A.H. (eds). The Future of Electric Aviation and Artificial Intelligence. Sustainable Aviation. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62094-2_25
Clean Aviation. (2024). Strategic research and innovation agenda 2024: Towards disruptive technologies for new generation aircraft by 2035. https://clean-aviation.eu/sites/default/files/2024-09/2024-Clean-Aviation-SRIA.pdf
Delfs, J., Bertsch, L., Zellmann, C., Rossian, L., Kian Far, E., Ring, T., & Langer, S. C. (2018). Aircraft noise assessment—From single components to large scenarios. Energies, 11(2), 429.https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020429
Dmytriyev, S., Yedynovych, A., Korniichuk, O., Kolokolov, O., & Kravchenko, I. (2025). Air propeller drive from gearbox combining gas turbine and electrical engines(Paper 404). 11th European Conference for Aerospace Sciences. https://eucass2025.eu/
EASA.(2021). CS-36: Certification Specifications (CS-36) Aircraft Noise, Amendment 6.
EASA.(2023). CS-25: Easy Access Rules for Large Aeroplanes (CS-25), Amendment 27. Revision from June 2022. https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/downloads/136694/en
EASA.(2025). CS-21: Part 21 -Airworthiness and Environmental Certification (CS-21), Implementation of the latest CAEP amendments to ICAO Annex 16 Volumes I, II and III –CAEP/12 Issue 2, Amendment 17. https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/document-library/acceptable-means-of-compliance-and-guidance-materials/amcgm-part-21-issue-2
European Commission (EC).(2021). Make Transport Greener.https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/fs_21_3665
European Environment Agency. (2022, September 23). Outlook to 2030-Can the number of people affected by transport noise be cut by 30%?Briefing. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/outlook-to-2030-can-the-number-of-people-affected-by-transport-noise-be-cut-by-30
Fil,S., Berbenets, D., Khaustov, A., Urban, O., & Bondarchuk, O. (2025a).Design of a 80-passenger 1000-nmrange hybrid regional airliner (paper 413). 11th European Conferencefor AeroSpace Sciences (EUCASS), Rome, Itay, https://eucass2025.eu/
Fil,S., Berbenets, D., Khaustov, A., Urban, O., &Bondarchuk, O. (2025b).Design of a 150-seast 2000 nm range LH fueled jetliner(paper 410). 11th European Conferencefor AeroSpaceSciences (EUCASS), Rome, Itay, https://eucass2025.eu/
Filippone, A. (2017).FLIGHT-X Software. Aircraft Performance Software: Selected Features & Operations. Technical Manual AF-AERO-2017-01, V.15.1.0. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321443609_Aircraft_Performance_Software_Selected_Features_Operations/citation/download
Fleming, G. G., de Lépinay, I., & Schaufele, R. (2022). Environmental trends in aviation to 2050. In ICAO Environmental Report 2022.https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/pages/envrep2022.aspx
Fleming, G.G., Rhodes, D., Balasubramanian, S., Grandi, F., Cavadini, L.,&Ziegler, U. (2011). Future environmental trends in commercial aviation. INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings, 1823-1833. https://ince.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/ince/incecp/2011/00002011/00000006/art00058;jsessionid=tzziz8vrhcid.x-ic-live-02
Graeme, H.,Paul, H., Fiona, R., Narcisa, B., Fabio, G., Barbara, O.,& Ana, G. S. P.(2020). Exemplar case studies of aviation noise mitigation strategies. Aerospace Europe Conference 2020. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4651617
ICAO Doc 9501. (2018). Environmental Technical Manual, Vol. 1. Procedures for the Noise Certification of Aircraft.ICAO.
ICAO. (2008). DOC9829: Guidance on the Balanced Approach to Aircraft Noise Management(2nded.).ICAO.
ICAO. (2010). DOC 9931: Continuous Descent Operations (CDO) Manual(1st ed.).ICAO.
ICAO. (2013a). DOC 9613: Performance Based Navigation(4th ed.).ICAO.
ICAO. (2013b). DOC 9993: Continuous Climb Operations (CCO) Manual(1st ed.)ICAO.
ICAO. (2018). DOC9911: Recommended Method for Computing Noise Contours Around Airports(2nd ed.).ICAO.
ICAO. (2019a). ICAO Annex 16 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation —Environmental Protection: Volume I —Aircraft Noise.ICAO. https://applications.icao.int/postalhistory/annex_16_environmental_protection.htm
ICAO.(2019b).DOC. 10127: Final Report of the Independent Expert Integrated Technology Goals Assessment and Review for Engines and Aircraft. https://store.icao.int/en/independent-expert-integrated-technology-goals-assessment-and-review-for-engines-and-aircraft-english-printed
ICAO. (2022). Report on the Feasibility of a Long TermAspirational Goal (LTAG) for International Civil Aviation CO2Emissions Reductions.ICAO. https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/LTAG/ Pages/LTAGreport.aspx
ICAO. (2025). ICAO environmental report 2025.https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/envrep2025
Kazhan, K., Makarenko, V., Tokarev, V., Synylo,K., Zaporozhets,O., Chyla, A., &Bukala, M.(2025). Noise Assessment Scenarios for New Airplane Climate Efficient Designs. In: Karakoc, T.H., Zaporozhets, O., Dalkiran, A., Ercan, A.H. (eds).The Future of Electric Aviation and Artificial Intelligence. Sustainable Aviation. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62094-2_19
Makarenko, V., Tokarev, V., Kazhan, K., Synylo, K., Yakushenko, O. & Zaporozhets, O.(2024). Analysis of fuel consumption and noise of a regional turbo-propeller aircraft with a hybrid power plant. International Journal of Sustainable Aviation,10(4), 315–349. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSA.2024.142562
Malbéqui, P. (2018).Engineering models: application to aircraft noise.CeLyA Summer School “Atmospheric Sound Propagation”.https://acoustique.ec-lyon.fr/summer_school/9_Malbequi_Engineering_model_aircraft_noise.pdf
Michel, U. (2013). Aircraft noise reduction by technical innovations. AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference 2013.
Papageorgiou, A., Tarkian, M., Amadori, K., & Ölvand, J. (2018). Multidisciplinary design optimization of aerial vehicles. International Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Article 4258020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4258020
Park, G.-J. (2007). Multidisciplinary Design Optimization. In Analytic Methods for Design Practice. 561-620.Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-473-1
Piccirillo, G., Graziani, S., Fusaro, R. & Viola, N. (2022). LTO noise and sonic boom predictions in early conceptual design phases.ICAS 2022.https://iris.polito.it/handle/11583/2990205
Powell, C.A. (2003). Relationship between Aircraft Noise Contour Area and Noise Levels at Certification Points(NASA/TM-2003-212649).https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20030107607
Rolls-Royce Press Release.(2023, Nevember 13). Rolls-Royce announces successful run of UltraFantechnology demonstrator to maximum power. https://www.rolls-royce.com/media/press-releases/2023/13-11-2023-rolls-royce-announces-successful-run-of-ultrafan-technology-demonstrator-to-maximum-power.aspx
Salgueiro, S.,Thomas, J., Li, C.,Jansson, M., Mahseredjian, A., &Zimmer, K. (2021). Block 2 procedure recommendations for BostonLogan Airport community noise reduction. MIT ICAT.https://hdl.handle.net/2376/119531
Sejmik Województwa Pomorskiego. (2016). Uchwała nr 203/XVIII/16 z dnia 29 lutego 2016 r. w sprawie utworzenia obszaru ograniczonego użytkowania wokół Portu Lotniczego im. Lecha Wałęsy w Gdańsku[Resolution No. 203/XVIII/16 dated 29 February 2016 concerning the establishment of a restricted use area surrounding Lech Wałęsa Airport in Gdańsk]. Dziennik Urzędowy Województwa Pomorskiego, poz. 1093.https://edziennik.gdansk.uw.gov.pl/WDU_G/2016/1093/akt.pdf
Synylo, K., Makarenko, V., Krupko, A. & Tokarev, V. (2024). Improving the calculation module for estimating pollutant emission from conventional and hybrid regional aircraft.Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies,2(10(128)),34–44. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2024.302793
Torija, A. J., & Self, R. H. (2017). Aircraft classification for noise modelling. Journal of Air Transport Management, 67, 157–168.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.12.007
Torija, A. J., Self, R. H., & Flindell, I. H. (2017). A model of rapid assessmentof the impactofaviation noise near airports. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 141, 981–995. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4976053
Torija, A. J., Self, R. H., & Flindell, I. H. (2018). Airport noise modelling for environmental impact assessment. Applied Acoustics, 132, 49–57.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2017.10.017
Torija, A.J.,& Self, R.H. (2018). Representative-in-class vehicles for fleet-level aviation noise analysis. In 25th International Congress on Sound and Vibration 2018:Hiroshima Calling, 2,1264-1271.https://salford-repository.worktribe.com/output/1363915/representative-in-class-vehicles-for-fleet-level-aviation-noise-analysis
US FAA. (1984). Part 150: Airport noise compatibility planning.https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-I/part-150
WHO.(2018). Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region. World Health Organization.https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/9789289053563.
Yakushenko, O. S., Miltsov, V. E., Chumak, O. I., Korolyov, P. V., & Okhmakevych, V. M. (2014). Identification of the mathematical model of aviation gas engine. Visnyk dvigonovobuduvannya, 2, 130–137.https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/identifikatsiya-matematichnoyi-modeli-aviatsiynogo-gtd-za-polotnimi-danimi
Zaporozhets, O. (2025). Aircraft Noise Monitoring for Greening the Airports. In: Karakoc, T.H., Jan, SS., Wu, CY., Gaetano, C., Dalkiran, A., Ercan, A.H. (eds.) Energy and Sustainable Aviation Fuels Solutions. ISSA-SARES 2023. Sustainable Aviation. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70694-3_1
Zaporozhets, O.,& Levchenko, L. (2021). Accuracy of Noise-Power-Distance Definition on Results of Single Aircraft Noise Event Calculation. Aerospace, 8(5), 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8050121
Zaporozhets, O., & Tokarev, V. (1998a). Aircraft noise modelling for environmental assessment. Applied Acoustics, 55(2), 99–127.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-682X(97)00101-1
Zaporozhets, O.,& Tokarev, V. (1998b). Predicted flight procedures for minimum noise impact.Applied Acoustics, 55(2),129-143, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-682X(97)00108-4
Zaporozhets, O., Gulevets, V., Karpenko, S., Kazhan, K., Konovalova, O., & Paraschanov, V. (2023). Aircraft Noise Measurements in Ukrainian Airports. In: Karakoc, T.H., Usanmaz, Ö., Rajamani, R., Oktal, H., Dalkiran, A., Ercan, A.H. (eds.) Advances in Electric Aviation. ISEAS 2021. Sustainable Aviation. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32639-4_21
Zaporozhets, O., Kazhan, K., Synylo, K., & Karpenko, S. (2022). Aircraft noise compatibility with progress of noise reductionat source. International Journal of Aviation Science and Technology, 3(2), 96-111.https://doi.org/10.23890/IJAST.vm03is02.0204
Zaporozhets, O., Tokarev, V. & Attenborough, K. (2011). Aircraft noise: assessment, prediction and control.Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1201/b12545
