Energy Audit and Management in Shipping: A Case Study Onboard Ship
Keywords:
Shipping, Energy Management, Chemical Tanker, Efficiency, SustainabilityAbstract
The sectoral priorities of maritime transportation are expected to focus on reducing fossil fuel-based environmental pollution and shaping sustainable energy management. Despite the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) regulations in this context, the prioritization of energy efficiency and the improvement of its manageability in ships are still anticipated. This study thoroughly examines the energy efficiency and management of a reference chemical tanker, with a particular emphasis on performance and environmental efficiency. The analysis indicates that there is a need for defining energy efficiency targets and improving the optimization process. Based on the ship's load rate and energy consumption behaviors, parameters for energy efficiency rates have been developed, and the environmental impact of the ship can be evaluated using an entropy-based approach. According to histogram analyses, the first energy efficiency target is set at 8.80%, and the second target at 32.58%. Energy efficiency analyses indicate that environmental pollution is approximately 57%, while the entropy approach calculates the energy efficiency rate of the ship at 17.96%. This study should be evaluated as an example of energy audit assessment and exergy analysis for environmental impact assessment to gain energy management behaviour for ships. It provides a contribution to the energy management structure of ships. This study provides an approach for the holistic assessment framework of energy efficiency on ships. It reveals the environmental impact potential for the entropy-based consumption potential of energy consumption. It provides a framework for decision processes.
References
Akac, A. &Anagnostopoulou, A. (2024).A solution approach for decision-making on vessel fleet sustainability focusing on alternative fuels in a life-cycle basis.Transportation Research Procedia, 78,79-86.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2024.02.011
Baldi, F., Johnson, H., Gabrielii, C. & Andersson, K. (2014). Energy Analysis of Ship Energy Systems –The Case of a Chemical Tanker.EnergyProcedia, 61, 1732-1735.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.12.200
Baroudi, H.A., Awoyomi, A., Patchigolla, K., Jonnalagadda, K. & Anthony, E. J.(2021).A review of large-scale CO2shipping and marine emissions management for carbon capture, utilisation and storage.Applied Energy,287, Article11651.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116510
Comer, B., Ünalan, S. & Mao,X.(2024).Updating marine engine emission standards using real-world data: A potential update to IMO’s NOXtechnical code.(Technical BriefID 222).International Council On Clean Transportation.https://safety4sea.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ICCT-IMO-NOx-2024_11.pdf
Cornelissen, R.L. (1997).Thermodynamics and Sustainable Development: The Use of Exergy Analysis and the Reduction of Irreversibility[PhD Thesis, University of Twente].
Çetin, O. &Sogut, M. Z.(2021).A new strategic approach of energy management onboard ships supported by exergy and economic criteria: A case study of a cargo ship.Ocean Engineering, 219,Article 108137, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.108137
Dekker, N. (2021).The Roadmap to Decarbonisation -Liner Fuel Choices Remain Under The Spotligh.Infospectrum. https://blog.infospectrum.net/the-roadmap-to-decarbonisation-liner-fuel-choices-remain-under-the-spotlight
Dincer, I. &Rosen, M. A. (2012).Exergy: Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development.Elsevier.
Gnana, S. O.V., Karthikeyan, A., Karthikeyan, K., Sanjeevikumar, P., Thomas, S.K. & Babu, A.(2024).Critical review Of SCADA And PLC in smart buildings and energy sector, Energy Reports,12, 1518-1530,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.07.041
Godet, A., Nurup,J. N., Saber, J. T., Panagakos, G. & Barfod, M. B.(2023). Operational cycles for maritime transportation: A benchmarking tool for ship energy efficiency. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 121, Article 103840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2023.103840
IMO.(2023).Revised GHG reduction strategy for global shipping adopted.International Maritime Organization, https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/PressBriefings/pages/Revised-GHG-reduction-strategy-for-global-shipping-adopted-.aspx
International Organization for Standardization. (2011).Energy Management Systems—Requirements with guidance for use(ISOstandart no.50001:2011).
Jasmi, M.F. A. J.&Fernando, Y.(2018).Drivers of maritime green supply chain management, Sustainable Cities and Society, 43,366-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.09.001
Kedici, Ö. (1993). Energy Management.General Directorate of Electrical Works Research Administration, Energy Resources Research Department
KPMG.(2021).The pathway to green shipping. https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/xx/pdf/2021/03/the-pathway-to-green-shipping.pdf
Liu, J., Liao, R., Dong, F., Huang, Ch., Li, H., Liu, J. & Zhao, T.(2024) Low-carbon technology selection and carbon reduction potential assessment in the shipbuilding industry with dynamically changing grid emission factors, Journal of Cleaner Production, 441, Article140707, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140707
Moran, M. J., Shapiro, H. N., Boettner D. D.& Bailey, M. B. (2011).Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Schroten, A., Nelissen, D., Ward van S., Scholten, P. & de VriesJ. (2024).Impact of fuel prices on energy efficiency of maritime ships.Ce Felt Committed to the Environment.https://www.transportenvironment.org/uploads/files/CE_Delft_230477_Impact_of_fuel_prices_on_energy_efficiency_of_maritime_ships_Def-1.pdf
Shi,Y.(2016).Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping: Is it time to consider market-based measures?.Marine Policy,64, 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.11.013
Sogut,M. Z.(2023).A comparative analysis of a dry bulk carrier's fuel preference in terms of entropy and environmental sustainability, Energy, 275, Article 127338, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.127338
Sogut,M.Z. (2024).Entropy-based environmental analyses of marine fuel preferences for onboard ships, Energy305,Article 132260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.132260
Sogut, Z. (2009).Energy Auditin the Buildings and Sample Application. Journal of Defense Sciences, 8(2),127-143.
Trivyza, N.L., Rentizelas, A.& Theotokatos, G. (2020).A comparative analysis of EEDI versus lifetime CO2emissions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(1), Article 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8010061
UNIDO.(2015).Practical Guide Implementing an Energy Management System,United Nations Industrial Development Organization.
Van Gool, W. (1997). Energy policy: fairy tales and factualities. In O.D.D. Soares, A.M. da Cruz, G.C. Pereira, I.M. Soares &A. J. Reis (Eds.), Innovation and Technology Strategies and Policies (pp.93–105).Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-29606-7_6
Vasilev, M., Kalajdžić,M.&Momčilović,N.(2025).On energy efficiency of tankers: EEDI, EEXI and CII.Ocean Engineering, 317, Article120028.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.120028
Wang,Z.,Dong,B.,Li,M.,Ji,Y.,Han,F.(2024).Configuration of Low-Carbon fuels green marine power systems in diverse ship types and Applications.Energy Conversion and Management, 302,Article 118139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118139
Yuan, Q., Wang, S. & Peng, J. (2023).Operational efficiency optimization method for ship fleet to comply with the carbon intensity indicator (CII) regulation.Ocean Engineering, 286, Article115487.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115487